Prediction of methanol loss in liquid hydrocarbon phase during natural gas hydrate inhibition using rigorous models

Methanol is the most widely used natural gas hydrate inhibitor and it is only effective as a hydrate inhibitor in the aqueous phase. Methanol is not regenerated in natural gas inhibition process due to its intermittent application in most cases. However, a significant cost is associated with the process because of methanol loss while utilizing this inhibitor. In this work, several intelligent models along with a new mathematical correlation are presented in terms of methanol concentration in aqueous phase and temperature to precisely forecast the methanol loss in the saturated hydrocarbons phase. An excellent match was noticed between the calculated results and literature data.     

顶空气相色谱法测定水中三氯乙醛的条件控制

探讨了顶空气相色谱法测定水中三氯乙醛的条件控制，阐述了加碱量对测定结果的影响，以及加热温度过高或加热时间过长导致三氯甲烷响应值变低的原因。结果表明，在5.0 mL水样中加入0.4 mL 5 mol/L NaOH水溶液，于45 ℃条件下加热30 min，可使目标产物三氯甲烷的响应值及稳定状态达到最佳。方法在2.00 μg/L～30.0 μg/L范围内线性良好，检出限为0.5 μg/L。对三氯甲烷背景浓度较高的自来水样品的加标回收率为88.3%～105%，RSD为6.3%。     

低浓度瓦斯安全输送新技术

阐述了瓦斯水合物合成的可行性,分析了水合物储存的稳定性,讨论了水合物固化储运的经济性.结果表明,应用固态水合物方式储运瓦斯具有安全、经济的特点.     

废硅电池片表面银的回收

采用氨-肼联合还原法回收废硅电池片上的银，优化了回收的工艺条件。实验得到的最佳回收工艺条件为：室温下采用硝酸2次浸取废硅电池片上的银，其中硝酸质量分数30%，硝酸浸取时间6 min；氯化银粉体用氨水和水合肼还原，n（Ag）∶n（N₂H₄）=0.5，水合肼还原反应温度50 ℃。回收的银粉纯度很高，结晶性较好，无需提纯。     

二氧化氯泡沫分离法处理水合肼类废液

采用二氧化氯泡沫分离装置,研究了二氧化氯泡沫分离法对水合肼类废液的处理效果.通过实验重点考察了废水pH值、二氧化氯投加量和反应时间等参数对废水处理效果的影响.在最佳反应条件(即pH值为10,每升废水中二氧化氯的投加量为5 mg/1 000 COD、反应时间为3 h)下进行反应,原废液(COD值为30 000～35 000 mg/L,氨氮总量为2 500～2 700 mg/L)经处理后COD去除率达到99%,氨氮去除率达到96%以上.     

中高温区水合肼SNCR脱硝反应机制和特性研究

研究了水合肼选择性非催化还原法(SNCR)还原烟气中NOx的反应机制并加以实验验证,同时利用敏感性分析找出主导肼SNCR反应进程的基元反应,并分析了各相关因素对水合肼SNCR反应的影响,机制分析显示肼的脱硝反应温度呈双峰特性,峰值温度分别为650℃和975℃,低温段窗口为597～747℃.实验结果表明水合肼的SNCR双峰温度分别为653℃和968℃,低温段温度窗口为587～707℃,模拟和实验结果中的脱硝效率均呈现显著的双峰值特性.通过模拟计算与实验验证,发现本研究归纳的反应机制能较好地模拟肼的SNCR脱硝过程;通过敏感性分析确定,在肼的脱硝温度窗口内,最有助于NO脱除的基元反应是N2H4的分解反应,最有助于NO脱除的是NH2基元;氧气体积分数降低会导致肼的SNCR反应温度窗口向高温侧偏移,这一现象与氨水相反;n(N2H4)/n(NO)的增加会在摩尔比低于2.0时拓宽反应温度窗口并提升脱硝效率.研究表明水合肼拥有比传统脱硝剂更低的温度窗口,在SNCR脱硝工艺中具有良好的应用前景.     

天然气水合物与全球气候变化的关系

天然气水合物是一种广泛地存在于海底沉积物和陆地高纬度永久冻土带中的矿物,含碳量超过全球所有其他来源有机碳的总和。然而天然气水合物在自然界极不稳定,温压条件的微小变化都会引起其分解而释放出甲烷气体。一般情况下,释放出的甲烷大部分可能会被氧化成CO2而溶解在海水中,进入大气中的量不足以对气候产生影响。只有在发生巨变事件的情况下,如海底大规模的沉积物滑塌,才会将大量的甲烷带到海面并释放到大气中,从而对全球气候和环境产生严重的影响。因此,在开发利用天然气水合物之前,必须有超前的防范措施,以防止或尽可能减少天然气水合物对环境造成的不良影响。     

Efficiency characterization of fire extinguishing compound superfine powder containing Mg(OH)2

To improve the fire extinguishing efficiency of existing dry powders, a new type of superfine dry powder was prepared using magnesium hydroxide as an additive. In our study, a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to analyze the thermal decomposition of the synthesized powders. The temperature of thermal decomposition, weight loss, and other thermodynamic parameters of the fire extinguishing powders were analyzed to explain the performance advantages of the compound superfine powder. Through a small-scale fire experiment, the physical parameters of the extinguishing process—such as extinguish time, powder dosage, smoke concentration, and minimum extinguishing concentration—were quantified for the suppression of a diesel fire using the different powders; these parameters were used to evaluate the fire extinguishing capacity and toxic gas suppression ability of the powders. TGA demonstrated that the compound superfine powder decomposed more quickly and its thermal decomposition process was much shorter than those of the other powders. The DSC data indicated that the compound superfine powder could decrease the characteristic temperature at each stage and thus the powder absorbed the flame's heat more quickly and suppressed flame propagation. The fire extinguishing test demonstrated that the consumption of the three types of fire extinguishing powder decreased with an increase in the driving pressure, and the order of powder dosage was as follows: commercial dry powder > superfine powder > compound superfine powder. Similarly, the order of minimum extinguishing concentration was as follows: commercial dry powder > superfine powder > compound superfine powder. Furthermore, the compound superfine powder exhibited a greater capacity for controlling toxic and harmful gas emissions.     

对天然气水合物预防管理保障安全生产的研究

为了保障陆上气田冬季天然气安全生产,防止因天然气水合物导致安全事故,采用鱼骨图法对陆上气田天然气水合物产生的原因进行系统分析。分析显示,导致天然气水合物产生的根本原因,出现在天然气产能建设和日常生产管理各环节,以及单井、输气管道和集气站各生产场所,为防止天然气水合物产生,针对原因采用5W1H法进行管理,从而达到对冬季天然气生产主要安全风险进行有效控制的目标。     

水合氧化镧吸附除磷的试验研究

以开发新型高效除磷吸附剂材料为目的,以金属水合氧化物MeH(metal hydrate)为试验对象,对所选材料进行了吸附除磷性能评价.通过对多种水合金属氧化物吸附除磷性能的比较研究,发现水合氧化镧LaH(lan-thanum hydrate)具有优异的除磷吸附容量,其吸附容量大约为参照物粉末活性氧化铝的十几倍.该吸附剂的吸附容量随pH值变化显著,在pH=3附近达最大值;吸附等温线较符合Langmuir方程;进行了抗无机阴离子干扰能力测试,给出了干扰离子的影响顺序;该吸附剂对正磷酸根的去除性能优越,但对聚磷酸根的去除效果不理想.试验结果表明,水合氧化镧在平衡吸附容量、pH适应范围等方面与参照物活性氧化铝相比较,具有优异的性能.